Jamal ul-Azam

Jamal ul-Azam (d. 1881), also spelled Jamalul Azam, He maintained extensive contracts with British and German traders. These were done to counter Spanish dominance in Mindanao. In 1878, he allowed Gustav Overbeck to have north Borneo.

To subside hostilities between Sulus and the Spanish military, he was convinced to sign a peace treaty on July 1878.

Datu Harun Ar-Rashid convinced Sultan Azam to make negotiations with the Spanish. On July 1878, Col. Carlos Martinez, representing the Spanish colonial government in Sulu, made a peace treaty with Azam. The peace treaty declared that most of the status of sultan would remain unchanged such as laws, customs, and internal affairs except in regulations and firearms. The treaty also declared that all foreign political connections shall be subjected by the Spanish colonial government in the Philippine Islands.

Death Azam died in April 8, 1881. Before his death, he sent a message to the governor of Sulu at Jolo that an attack from Sulus was imminent. In April 10, 1881, an attack was made at the garrison. In his will, Azam wrote that his successor as sultan will be Amirul Kiram, later known as Jamalul Kiram II. Col. Rafael Gonzalez de Rivera, instead, recommended Muhammed Badarud-Din to succeed him.