Isabella Whitney

Isabella Whitney (most likely born between 1546 and 1548, died after 1624); fl. 1566–1600) was arguably the first female poet and professional woman writer in England. More specifically, Whitney is credited with being the first Englishwoman to have penned and published original secular poetry under her own name.

Early life Isabella Whitney was born in Cheshire, England. Her father, Geoffrey, was brother to Sir Robert Whitney, and their family was the Cheshire branch of the influential Whitney family, based in Clifford, Gorsington, Icomb and Castleton. At the time of her birth, her family were living at Coole Pilate in the parish of Acton, near Nantwich, though the family moved in 1558 when her father took a lease of a farm at Ryles Green, Audlem. Isabella Whitney was the second child, having an older brother, Geoffrey, four sisters - Anne, Margery, Mary and Dorothea - and a younger brother, Brooke. George Mainwaring, who is mentioned in A Sweet Nosegay and came from a prominent household in England, was a childhood friend of hers. Her brother, Geoffrey Whitney (named after their father), was a notable author of the time, whose works include A Choice of Emblemes and other Devises (1586). Geoffrey died in 1601 without a spouse.

Personal life Whitney lived and worked in London until 1573, when she lost her position under the mistress she was serving and became unemployed. She lived in Abchurch Lane while she continued to write but her finances did not allow her to stay there for long. thumb The pictures seen here, from the Early English Books Online, are copies of Isabella's first published works. In 1567, The Copy of a letter… was published. The only living copy is housed at Oxford's Bodleian Library; it consisted of the following two poems. This publication also came at a time in English history when people like Whitney, those not belonging to the upper class, were given the opportunity to purchase all sorts of different goods. With this newfound opportunity to read books came a well of knowledge filled with new ways to live. Whitney’s work contributed to this well with the versification of Hugh Plat’s humanist discourse. ) showcases Whitney’s style and independence. Within this second book of hers, she has changed from a woman who is depressed about love and romance to a woman who writes to the world as a single woman in London. A Sweet Nosegay also focuses on the suffering and illness that, in the end, forced her to leave London. Whitney expresses in her poetry that she is warned to avoid the lanes and streets which are contaminated with disease. Although this can be seen literally, these public spaces can also be references to the rather corrupted public circulation of print. She also indicates her independence by mentioning that she will earn her living by writing and selling her literary works. Through this, she shows the alienation that existed during this time and calls for a change. "The Author to the Reader" – Since readers had not read anything from Whitney since 1567, she included a verse epistle titled “The Author to the Reader” to catch them up on the last six years. It was this section that specifically lent itself to the traditions of the time period, especially considering it was printed alongside her original narratives. As with other works in Whitney's career, her feeling of abandonment by those around her is displayed in this piece as well. Throughout the mock will, she leaves behind money and various things to the people of London as well as her family and friends, but, Whitney's irony shows since she owns none of those things and, therefore, has given nothing. Whether the poem was actually penned by Whitney can be contested, but Martin certainly presents a grounded argument in favour of her authorship. Whitney was often upfront in the way that she wrote. A common theme in her works were of women in powerless positions and romance. During the time period she was living in, it was important for women to remain modest and under control, however, Whitney did the opposite of this. As Whitney had apologized for borrowing some of her ideas, she is one of a few who named their contemporary sources. Her most innovative poems were her verse epistles, many of which were addressed to female relatives. She addressed her poem "Will and Testament" to the city of London, mocking it as a heartless friend, greedy and lacking charity. These works were written in ballad metre and contained both witty and animated descriptions of everyday life. Judging from these popular inclusions, it is likely that the reason for the publishing of her works was simply to supplement her scanty income.

Isabella Whitney pioneered her field of women poets. While a lot of her practices (familiar allusions, exaggerations, the ballad measure) were common for contemporary male authors of the mid-sixteenth century, as a woman she was quite the trendsetter (in both her epistles and mock testament). She published her poetry in a time when it was not customary for a woman, especially one not of the aristocracy, to do so. In addition, her material contained controversial issues such as class-consciousness and political commentary as well as witty satire, and was made available to the upper and the middle class. Whitney's two best known works are The Copy of a Letter written in 1567?, and A Sweet Nosgay written in 1573.

Writings The Copy of a Letter, Lately Written in Meter, by a Young Gentlewoman To her Unconstant Lover (From The Copy of a Letter, 1567) The Admonition by the Auctor, To All Young Gentlewomen: And to all other maids being in love (From the Copy of a letter, 1567) The Author to the Reader (From A sweet Nosgay, 1573) A Sweet Nosgay, or Pleasant Poise: Containing a Hundred and Ten Philosophical Flowers (From A sweet Nosgay, 1573) A Soueraigne Recipt (From A sweet Nosgay, 1573) A Farewell to the Reader (From A sweet Nosgay, 1573) To Her Brother. G. VV. (From A sweet Nosgay, 1573) To Her Brother. B. VV. (From A sweet Nosgay, 1573) An Order Prescribed, by IS. VV. To Two of her Younger Sisters in London (From A sweet Nosgay, 1573) To Her Sister Mistress A.B. (From A sweet Nosgay, 1573) To Her Cousin F. VV. (From A sweet Nosgay, 1573) A Care-full Complaint by the Unfortunate Author (From A sweet Nosgay, 1573) I Reply to the Same (From A sweet Nosgay, 1573) IS. VV. TO C. B. in Bewaylynge her mishaps (From A sweet Nosgay, 1573) To my Friend Master T.L. Whose Good Nature: I See Abusde (From A sweet Nosgay, 1573) IS. VV. Being Wery of Writing, Send this for Answer (From A sweet Nosgay, 1573) The Author Upon Her Friends Procurement is Constrained to Depart (From A sweet Nosgay, 1573) The Manner of her Will & What She Left to London: And to All Those in it: at her departing (From A sweet Nosgay, 1573) A Communication which the Author Had to London, Before She Made Her Will The Lady-Beloved Exclaimeth of the Great Untruth of her Lover The Lamentation of a Gentlewoman upon the Death of Her Late-Deceased Friend, William Gruffith, Gentleman (1578) Will and Testament (1573) Ovidius Naso His Remedie of Love (1600)

Timeline of events 1548 (?) – Born in Coole Pilate, Cheshire to Geffrey and Joan Whitney(nee Cartwright) After 1558 – Isabella goes to London 1566-1572 – Sometime within these years, Whitney loses her employment. 1566/1567 – Within this year, Whitney sells two of her poems to Richard Jones. 1572 – Richard Jones publishes ‘A Sweet Nosgay’ 1573 – Whitney is living in Abchurch Lane, London but getting ready to go to Cheshire. 1577 – William Gruffith dies. 1601 – Geoffrey, Isabella’s brother dies, mentioning ‘Sister Eldershae’ in his Will. 1624 – Brooke, Isabella’s younger brother dies, mentioning ‘my sister Isabell’ in his Will.