Iain mac Mhurchaidh

Iain mac Mhurchaidh, alias John MacRae ( 1725 – ), was a Scotland-born bard from Kintail, a member of Clan Macrae, and an early immigrant to the Colony of North Carolina. MacRae has been termed one of the "earliest Scottish Gaelic poets in North America about whom we know anything."

MacRae fought as a Loyalist soldier during the American Revolution at the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge and at the Battle of King's Mountain. His many war poems which celebrate the British cause during the Revolutionary War are an important part of Scottish Gaelic literature and remain popular among speakers of Canadian Gaelic.

According to Michael Newton, MacRae the war poet so inspired the Gaels settled along the Cape Fear River to rise up and fight for King George III that American Patriots, "treated him with great severity." During the 21st century, his song ("I am weary of this exile"), was recorded for the soundtrack to the 7th season of the television series Outlander.

Early life Iain mac Mhurchaidh was born at Lianag a’ Chùl Doire in Kintail. He was the son of Murdo, who was the son of Farquhar, who was the fourth son of Alasdair MacRae of Inverinate , a gentleman in the service of the Earls of Seaforth.

Through their mutual descent from Alasdair MacRae, 8th of Inverinate, Iain mac Mhurchaidh was the first cousin once removed of fellow Kintyre Gaelic poet Donnchadh MacRae, 9th of Inverinate, the scribe of the Fernaig manuscript.

The MacRaes of Inverinate were well known for their loyalty to the chief of Clan MacKenzie . In view of their loyal and effective service to the Mackenzie Chiefs, Clan Macrae of Kintail was known as Clan Mackenzie's "shirt of mail."

Despite the sitting Chief's decision to side with the House of Hanover during the Jacobite rising of 1745, however, Clan Macrae was divided. A number of Macraes are known to have fought for Prince Charles Edward Stuart under George Mackenzie. Others joined the government's Independent Highland Companies under Captain Colin Mackenzie. In June 1746, the Mackenzie Company at Shiramore in Badenoch had over sixty Macraes, including an Ensign John MacRae.

In interviews with John Lorne Campbell, Barra seanchaidh John The Coddy MacPherson recalled that Clan Macrae of Kintail were famous throughout Scotland for cooking high quality moonshine, or "peatreek" in Scots, from illegal pot stills .

As a member of the minor Scottish gentry,

Decision to emigrate Around 1773, MacRae received a letter encouraging him to emigrate from an t-Urr. Iain Beutan (Rev. John Bethune), a native of Glenelg and minister of the Barbecue Presbyterian Church in would later become Harnett County, in the Colony of North Carolina. Although it is not known what Rev. Beutan's letter said, it is considered likely by literary scholars that he mentioned the abundance of wild game in the New World.

In Scottish culture, deer hunting was a traditional pastime for both nobles and warriors and eating fish or seafood was considered a sign a low birth or status. By this time, however, hunting was being increasingly treated as poaching by the Anglo-Scottish landlords. Iain mac Mhurchaidh had already composed a poem complaining that his hunting rights were being restricted and, for this and many other reasons, he decided on taking the minister's advice and emigrating to North Carolina.

As news spread of Iain Mac Mhuirchaidh's plans, his friends and relations were reportedly very distressed. Three noblemen with massive holdings in Ross-shire lavishly entertained MacRae at dinner and offered him any farm on their estates he desired, but to no avail.

After making the final arrangements for his departure, Iain hosted the Captain of the emigrant ship to dinner at his house. According to an 1882 article in The Celtic Monthly, "His guest, seeing his table better provided with good things than was the ordinary lot of common emigrants, enquired of his host if he was always able to have such a spread for himself. Being answered in the affirmative, the captain told the bard that he would not be able to have such in America and, at the same time, advised him to stay at home. His wife and many of his friends he was leaving behind him also urged him to do this. Being undecided as to what in the circumstances, he should do, his friend Ardintoul pointed out to him that, if he turned home after all that he had said, sang, and done, he would live despised ever after as a weak-minded coward. The thought of being held dishonoured and a coward decided the matter."

Marcus Tanner has called Iain mac Mhurchaidh's arrival in the New World, "a real case of bad timing", as he, "had hardly gotten himself established before he was fighting his fellow Americans."

At the beginning of the American Revolution Allan Maclean of Torloisk dispatched Brigadier General Donald MacDonald and Major Alexander MacLean of the 84th Regiment of Foot to North Carolina on a covert mission. After successfully bluffing their way through an interrogation by the North Carolina Committee of Safety, both British officers arrived in the Cape Fear Valley and issued an appeal to all Scottish Gaels in the Colony to take up arms on behalf of the Loyalist cause. Proclamations were sent out demanding that, "all the King's loyal subjects... repair to the King's Royal Standard, at Cross Creek ... to join the King's Army; otherwise, they must expect to fall under the melancholy consequences of a declared rebellion, and expose themselves to the just resentment of an injured, though gracious Sovereign." The latter statement would have been understood by North Carolina Highlanders as a threat that those who refused military service would be treated to both the land confiscations and the "arbitrary and malicious violence" used in the aftermath of the Battle of Culloden, which is still referred to in the Highlands and Islands as Bliadhna nan Creach ("The Year of the Pillaging").

Beginning what would later be dubbed "The Insurrection of Clan Donald", on 1 February 1776, Brigadier General MacDonald raised the Royal Standard in the Public Square of Cross Creek. Nightly balls were held and all other means were used to instill the military spirit.

When Loyalist forces gathered at Cross Creek on 15 February 1776, they numbered about 3,500 men. According to John Patterson MacLean, "When the day came, the Highlanders were seen coming from near and from far, from the wide plantations on the river bottoms, and from the rude cabins in the depths of the lonely pine forests, with broadswords at their side, in tartan garments and feather bonnet, and keeping step to the shrill music of the bag-pipe. There came, first of all, Clan MacDonald with Clan MacLeod near at hand, with lesser numbers of Clan MacKenzie, Clan Macrae, Clan MacLean, Clan MacKay, Clan MacLachlan, and still others – variously estimated at fifteen hundred to three thousand, including about two hundred others, principally Regulators. However, all who were capable of bearing arms did not respond to the summons, for some would not engage in a cause where their traditions and affections had no part. Many of them hid in the swamps and in the forests." a tradition known among the Highland clans as a, "brosnachadh-catha" or an, "incitement to battle."

As the Loyalist Gaels marched towards the Atlantic coast, they were closely followed and then expertly ambushed at one of the only crossings of Moore's Creek by equally battle-hardened North Carolina militiamen who, like the Gaels, had also fought in the British Army during the French and Indian War under the command of Colonel James Moore. In response to the ambush, on the early morning of 27 February 1776, Iain mac Mhuirchaidh fought in the famous Highland charge at the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge and survived to be taken prisoner. His son, Murdo Macrae, fought alongside him and was mortally wounded. and upon the traditional honor code of the Scottish clans, began cracking far wider than many historians realize. Large numbers of Highland soldiers were deserting their Loyalist regiments and joining the Continental Army. In his diary, Major Iain Dòmhnallach (John MacDonald) of the Maryland Loyalists, describes in considerable detail the lengths to which he had to do to keep his men from defecting to the Patriot side and bringing arsenals of ammunition with them.

Sergeant Donald MacDonald, the son of Brigadier General MacDonald, when asked by General Peter Horry why he abandoned his father's party and joined the Continental Army, explained about the aftermath of Moore's Creek, "Instead of murdering the prisoners as the English had done at Culloden, they treated us with their usual generosity. And now these are the people I love and will fight for as long as I live."

Furthermore, David Stewart of Garth wrote in a post-Battle of Yorktown letter, "I have been told by intelligence officers, who served in the last war, that they found the Highland emigrants more fierce in their animosity of the mother country than even the native Americans."

Iain mac Mhurchaidh accordingly paid a very heavy financial price for his Monarchist beliefs. In 1780, the North Carolina General Assembly taxed his property in Moore County at three times its value. This unjust over-taxation, but, far more importantly, the Highland concept of family honor and the duty to revenge fallen relatives; even at the risk of starting a protracted blood feud; is why the combat death of Iain mac Mhurchaidh's son, Murchadh mac Iain, at the 1776 Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge must be taken as the main explanation for the transplanted Kintail Bard's refusal to give up the fight.

Death Iain mac Mhurchaidh must have been either released or else have escaped from captivity in Philadelphia, because, according to tradition, he fought again as a Loyalist soldier under the command of Major Patrick Ferguson and Captain Abraham de Peyster on 7 October 1780, at the Battle of King's Mountain,

Even though this battle has traditionally, "been characterized as a confrontation between Loyalist Highlanders and Scotch-Irish revolutionaries", there were in reality many native Gaelic-speakers fighting on both sides. According to one source, Iain mac Mhurchaidh, in a revival of, "the diplomatic immunity of the ancient Celtic bards", walked between the opposing armies during the battle and, in an attempt to convert his fellow Gaels among the Patriot militia and the Overmountain Men to the Loyalist cause, he sang the song, Nam faighte làmh-an-uachdar air luchd nan còta ruadha ("Even if the upper hand were gained against the Redcoats").

In the poem, which is believed to have cost its singer very dearly, Iain mac Mhurchaidh called the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution against King George III every bit as unnatural as disrespect against one's earthly or heavenly father. The Bard also threatened that Patriots who did not submit to the British monarchy would be treated like both real and suspected Jacobites throughout the Highlands and Islands had been treated during the infamous "Year of the Pillaging" after the Battle of Culloden in 1746. Other historians believe that he was "probably killed by the American Patriots." According to one tradition, Iain Mac Mhurchaidh, "suffered an excruciating death", at Patriot hands.

Legacy Following the end of the war, Moore County and many other regions of the new United States which had been mainly settled by Scottish Gaels, were almost depopulated, as Gaelic-speaking Loyalists fled northward, often under extremely brutal conditions, towards what remained of British North America.

Among these so-called "United Empire Loyalist" refugees was Iain mac Mhurchaidh's close friend Rev. Iain Beutan (John Bethune). Like Iain mac Mhurchaidh, Rev. Beutan fought as a Loyalist military chaplain and was taken prisoner following the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge. Ironically, and despite their former minister's Loyalism, the Gaelic-speaking congregation at the Barbeque Presbyterian Church in Harnett County, North Carolina, was known for the rest of the American Revolution as, "an island of Whigs in a sea of Tories."

After being released in a prisoner exchange and serving as military chaplain to the 84th Regiment of Foot, Rev. Bethune ministered to his fellow Gaels at Montreal, Williamstown, and in the many Canadian Gaelic-speaking settlements in Glengarry County, Ontario. Rev. Bethune is accordingly credited with organizing the first Presbyterian congregations in Canada, where his many descendants include the Academy Award-winning actor Christopher Plummer.

According to Marcus Tanner, Iain Mac Mhurchaidh's, "poems were brought back to Scotland years later by others who had learned them." A fellow Loyalist Gael also named John MacRae, who was known in Gaelic as Iain mac a’ Ghobha,

According to Michael Newton, the memory of Iain mac Mhurchaidh was often invoked for decades after his death by fellow Gaels in both Scotland and Canada, particularly in response to the mass evictions known as the Highland Clearances. Iain mac Mhurchaidh was accordingly mentioned to contrast the post-Culloden loyalty of Highland soldiers to the British royal family, as well as their many sufferings and sacrifices, with what was seen as the gross ingratitude that both His Majesty's Government and the Anglo-Scottish landlords had subsequently shown towards Highland military veterans and their families.

Meanwhile, despite the post-Revolutionary War redirection of emigration by the Gaels from Scotland to Canada, a large Gàidhealtachd continued to exist in North Carolina, from whence many pioneer families carried Family Bibles,

Unlike in Nova Scotia, however, where a distinctive Canadian dialect of Scottish Gaelic continues to be both spoken and written, the North Carolina Gàidhealtachd only survived, according to Marcus Tanner, "until it was well and truly disrupted", by the American Civil War. unlike in Canada, almost nothing was collected or written down from the local oral tradition before the post-Civil War language shift that caused the North Carolina dialect of Gaelic to die out.

The poem, The Lament of the North was composed in 1783, the year that saw both the end of the American Revolution and the beginning of the Highland Clearances in the poet's native Inverness-shire. The author was Cionneach mac Cionnich (Kenneth MacKenzie) (1758–1837), a bard from Clan MacKenzie who was born at Castle Leather near Inverness and who died at Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland. In the poem, Cionneach mac Cionnich reviles the Scottish clan chiefs for becoming absentee landlords, for both rackrenting and evicting their clansmen en masse in favor of sheep, and for "spending their wealth uselessly", in London. He accuses King George III both of tyranny, excessive greed, spending taxpayers money on foppish clothes, and of steering the ship of state into shipwreck. MacCionnich also argues that truth is on the side of George Washington and the Continental Army and that the Gaels would do well to emigrate from the Highlands and Islands to the United States before the King and the landlords take every farthing they have left. The poem appeared in MacKenzie's poetry collection, Òrain Ghaidhealach, agus Bearla air an eadar-theangacha.

For this and other reasons, many people from Canadian Gaelic-speaking communities, ironically including many descendants of Loyalists, have permanently crossed the border and made new lives in the United States. For example, after joining the mass migration from Atlantic Canada to the American city of Boston, Massachusetts and it's suburbs during the late 19th and early 20th-century, which one contemporary writer compared to a gold rush, Mrs. Catherine MacInnes from Cape Breton made and published a Scottish Gaelic literary translation of the lyrics to The Star Spangled Banner.

After recording Gaelic songs in Depression era Nova Scotia with his wife, American ethnomusicologist Margaret Fay Shaw, John Lorne Campbell wrote in the book Songs Remembered in Exile, that he considered the Canadian government foolish to continue encouraging Highland Scottish immigration, as Scottish Canadian communities were unable to keep their young people from emigrating to the United States.

Today, local pride in the Scottish Highland heritage of local pioneers remains very common in North Carolina. One of North America's largest Highland games events, the Grandfather Mountain Highland Games, are held there every year and draw in visitors from all over the world. The Grandfather Mountain games have been called "the best" such event in the United States because of the spectacular landscape and the large number of people who attend in kilts and other regalia of the Scottish clans. It is also widely considered to be the largest "gathering of clans" in North America, as more family lines are represented there than any other similar event.