Giovanni delle Bande Nere

Ludovico de' Medici, also known as Giovanni delle Bande Nere (6 April 1498 – 30 November 1526) was an Italian condottiero. He is known for leading the Black Bands and serving valiantly in military combat under his third cousins, Pope Leo X and Pope Clement VII, in the War of Urbino and the War of the League of Cognac, respectively.

Early life

Giovanni was born in the Northern Italian town of Forlì to Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano and Caterina Sforza, one of the most famous women of the Italian Renaissance.

From an early age, Giovanni demonstrated great interest and ability in physical activity, especially the martial arts of the age, such as horse riding and sword fighting. He committed his first murder at the age of 12, and was twice banished from the city of Florence for his unruly behaviour, including involvement in the rape of a sixteen-year-old boy, Giovanni being about thirteen at the time. He had a son, Cosimo (1519–1574), who went on to become the Grand Duke of Tuscany.

Mercenary Giovanni became a condottiero, or mercenary military captain, in the employ of his relative, Pope Leo X (Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici). On 5 March 1516 led the war against Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino. He thenceforth formed a company of his own, mounted on light horses and specializing in fast but devastating skirmishing tactics and ambushes. In 1520 he defeated several rebel barons in the Marche.

With the outbreak of the Italian War of 1521–1526, Leo X allied with Emperor Charles V against King Francis I of France to regain Milan, Parma and Piacenza, so Giovanni was called in under the command of Prospero Colonna. They defeated the French at Vaprio d'Adda in November. As a symbol of mourning for the death of Pope Leo X on 1 December 1521, Giovanni added black stripes to his insignia, whence comes his nickname, Giovanni delle Bande Nere (or Giovanni of the Black Bands).

In 1522, left without the influence of his relative, he changed sides and joined the French, but was defeated by Colonna during the battle of Bicocca. In August 1523 he was hired again by the Imperial army, passing to assist Colonna, and in January 1524 he defeated the French and the Swiss at Caprino Bergamasco.

In the same year another Medici, Giulio di Giuliano, became Pope and took the name of Clement VII. The new Pope paid all of Giovanni's debt, but in exchange ordered him to switch to the French side of the ongoing conflict. He did not take part in the battle of Pavia, but was soon severely wounded in a skirmish and later had to move to Piacenza to recuperate from his wounds.

In 1526, the War of the League of Cognac broke out. The League's captain general, Francesco Maria I della Rovere, abandoned Milan in the face of the overwhelming superiority of the Imperial army led by Georg von Frundsberg. Giovanni was able to defeat the Landsknechts rearguard, at the confluence of the Mincio with the Po River, but was forced to flee from the enemy artillery, which he believed they did not have.

Death On the evening of 25 November he was hit by a shot from a falconet in a battle near Governolo. According to a contemporary account by Luigi Guicciardini, the ball shattered his right leg above the knee It is now thought that de' Medici may have died of gangrene.

Legacy Giovanni's premature death metaphorically signalled the end of the age of the condottieri, as their mode of fighting (which emphasized armoured knights on horseback) was rendered practically obsolete by the introduction of pike-armed infantry. He is therefore known as the last of the great Italian condottieri. His lasting reputation has been kept alive in part thanks to Pietro Aretino, the Renaissance author, satirist, playwright and "scourge of the princes", who was Giovanni's close friend and accompanied him on some of his exploits.

Later references A cruiser of the Regia Marina was named after Giovanni delle Bande Nere in 1930 and an offshore patrol vessel of the Marina Militare launched in 2022 bears his name. The 1937 film Condottieri drew parallels between the Bande Nere and Mussolini's black shirts. Ermanno Olmi's 2001 film The Profession of Arms, faithfully follows Giovanni delle Bande Nere in his last week of life, as he engages in battle with the Imperial forces amidst the cold, damp fields of the Lombard countryside.