Fromo Kesaro

Origin of the name "Rome Caesar" From 719 CE, Tegin Shah was the king of the Turk Shahis. He then abdicated in 739 CE in favour of his son Fromo Kesaro. The name "Fromo Kesaro" was the probable phonetic transcription of "Rome Caesar" in honor of , the title of the then Eastern Roman Emperor Leo III the Isaurian who had defeated their common enemy the Arabs in 717 CE.

Investiture of Fromo Kesaro in 738/739 CE The Turk Shahis were nominally vassals of the Chinese Tang dynasty court and regularly sent embassies for official matters. In 738 CE, Tegin Shah sent a request to abdicate in favour of his son Fromo Kesaro. These events are recorded in the Chinese annals Cefu Yuangui.

Conflict with the Arabs Kabulistan was the heartland of the Turk Shahi domain, which at times included Zabulistan and Gandhara. Some of their coins were minted in eastern Gandhara, in the Turk Shahi's winter capital of Hund (Udabhandapura).

The victories of Fromo Kesaro against the Arabs may have forged the Tibetan epic legend of King Phrom Ge-sar.

The Turk Shahis eventually weakened against the Arabs in the late 9th century CE. in c. 850, signaling the end of the Buddhist Turk Shahi dynasty, and the beginning of the Hindu Shahi dynasty of Kabul.