Apa Qaghan

Apa Qaghan (, Middle Chinese: (Guangyun) ) was a son of Muqan Qaghan and a claimant to the Turkic Khaganate.

Biography Apa Qaghan was born Ashina Daluobian or Talopien to Muqan Qaghan and a non-Turkic concubine from a dynastic alliance, probably around 551. Lev Gumilev reconstructed his Turkic name as "Töremen" while Saadettin Gömeç proposed "Törüpen". Gumilev also equated him to Turum who appears in Theophylact Simocatta's work. Anluo, being the least powerful of the three abandoned and renounced his title in favor of Shetu. In turn Shetu made him Dier Khagan in the Tuul River valley (now in Mongolia). Talopien also demanded a title and as a result he was made Apa Qaghan and was granted the steppe between northern Mongolia and the Altai Mountains.

Soon Emperor Wen of Sui used Zhangsun Sheng (長孫晟). According to his report, "Apa Khagan is timid and positioned between these factions. He somewhat fears Shetu and follows his lead, but his loyalty is uncertain." Apa later followed Ishbara during his raids to China. In 582, Ishbara marched on China with support from Apa and Tamgan, while Wen responded by sending his cousin Yang Hong , his brother-in-law Dou Rongding (窦荣定), Dou Luji (豆盧勣), Gao Jiong and Yu Qingze (虞庆则). In May, Dou Rongding led 30,000 infantry and cavalry from Liangzhou, repeatedly defeating Apa's forces at Gaoyue Plain (northwest of present-day Minqin, Gansu). Zhangsun Sheng, serving as a deputy general in Dou Rongding's army, took the opportunity to sow discord among the Göktürks. He sent someone to tell Apa Khagan that this defeat will bring Ishbara's anger on him and his prestige will decrease. Zhangsun further advised him to submit to Sui like his cousin Tardu. Just like Zhangsun predicted, Ishbara was defeated in a battle near Baidao (白道, north of modern Hohhot) and put the blame on Apa.

In 583 Ishbara attacked Apa's camp and killed his mother. Having nowhere to turn, Apa fled west to seek refuge with Tardu. Tamgan and Tigin Shad also switched their allegiances away from Ishbara to Apa. Apa soon was given an army by Tardu and took Kucha and Kumul. Settling in Ili Valley, he increased his power to the point of appointing a lesser khagan to the west wing of his territories. Chinese sources estimate his army to be around 100,000, which was probably an exaggeration. His state was described by Zhizhi Tongjian as the Western Turkic Khaganate .