Abu Isa at-Tirmidhi

Muhammad ibn Isa al-Tirmidhi (; 824 – 9 October 892 CE / 209–279 AH), often referred to as Imām at-Termezī/Tirmidhī, was an Islamic scholar, and collector of hadith from Termez (early Khorasan and in present-day Uzbekistan). He wrote al-Jami` as-Sahih (known as Jami` at-Tirmidhi), one of the six canonical hadith compilations in Sunni Islam. He also wrote Shama'il Muhammadiyah (popularly known as Shama'il at-Tirmidhi), a compilation of hadiths concerning the person and character of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. At-Tirmidhi was also well versed in Arabic grammar, favoring the school of Kufa over Basra due to the former's preservation of Arabic poetry as a primary source.

Biography

Name and lineage

Al-Tirmidhi's given name (ism) was "Muhammad" while his kunya was "Abu `Isa" ("father of `Isa"). His genealogy is uncertain; his nasab (patronymic) has variously been given as: Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sawrah ‎ Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sawrah ibn Shaddād ‎ Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sawrah ibn Shaddād ibn aḍ-Ḍaḥḥāk ‎ Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sawrah ibn Shaddād ibn ‛Īsá ‎ Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sahl ibn Sawrah ‎ Muhammad ibn 'Isa ibn Sawra ibn Shaddad ibn al-Dahhak al-Sulami al-Bughi al-Tirmidhi

He was also known by the laqab "ad-Darir" ("the Blind"). It has been said that he was born blind, but the majority of scholars agree that he became blind later in his life.

At-Tirmidhi's grandfather was originally from Marw (Persian: Merv), but moved to Tirmidh. According to S.H. Nasr and M. Mutahhari in The Cambridge History of Iran, Al-Tirmidhi was of Persian ethnicity. His uncle was the famous Sufi Abu Bakr al-Warraq. Al-Warraq was the teacher of Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi, a known associate of the famous theologian Abu Mansur Al-Maturidi.

Birth Muhammad ibn `Isa at-Tirmidhi was born during the reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun. His year of birth has been reported as 209 AH (824/825). Adh-Dhahabi only states that at-Tirmidhi was born near the year 210 AH (825/826), Some sources indicate that he was born in Mecca (Siddiqi says he was born in Mecca in 206 AH (821/822)) while others say he was born in Tirmidh (Persian: Termez), in what is now southern Uzbekistan. The stronger opinion is that he was born in Tirmidh.

Hadith studies At-Tirmidhi began the study of hadith at the age of 20. From the year 235 AH (849/850) he traveled widely in Khurasan, Iraq, and the Hijaz in order to collect hadith.

Heresy Attribution Claims

Two articles published by Al-Riyadh and Al-Arabiya — by Yusuf bin Abdul-Aziz Aba al-Khail Jahmite Tirmidhi mentioned in the book of al-Khallal (as-Sunah), assuming they are one, like the writer Yusuf bin Abdul-Aziz Aba al-Khail.

Narration of Mujahid The controversy centers around an interpretation (tafsir) of Quran 17:79 in Surah al-Israa' regarding the "Praised Station" (Al-Maqam al-Mahmoud) promised to Prophet Muhammad.

The verse is [in which translates to]:

Narrations by Ibn Abi Shaybah (No. 33812), al-Khallal (d. 311/923) (Nos. 236, 296, 306), al-Hakim in al-Mustadrak (No. 8698), and Imam Ahmad in az-Zuhd (No. 44) through their chains of transmission, all of which convey the report of Mujahid regarding the verse:

While the majority of Islamic scholars identify this station as the Prophet's supreme right of intercession (Shafa'ah) on the Day of Judgment, a specific historical report by Mujahid ibn Jabr (d. 104/722) suggested an additional honor to this virtue, and scholars like Ibn Taymiyyah (quoting from at-Tabari) suggested no conflict of their combination . Researchers suggest that this controversy has old roots to the point that a fight occurred between the followers of Islam, in which establishes the high esteem of this subject in the Islamic tradition - according to the Ibn Kathier's (d. 774/1373) historical account back in 317 AH/ 930 CE .

The Extent of Accuracy in Attributing Charges of Heresy Researchers of historical records (like Muhammad Shams ad-Deen )

in Kitab as-Sunnah by Abu Bakr al-Khallal (d. 311/923) believe that thumb Kitab as-Sunnah by al-Khallal - edited by Atiyah az-Zahrani - published by Dar ar-Raayah (1989 CE) there are distinct attributes separating the two figures, both in terms of their scholarly profiles and their recognition within the scientific community, since a critical examination of the primary source used for this claim — Abu Bakr al-Khallal's Kitab al-Sunna — reveals that this Tirmidhi figure was historically obscure, non-arab (a'jami) , and completely unknown to Hadith scholars.

Imam Abu Isa at-Tirmidhi (Muhammad bin Isa) was deeply embedded in orthodox scholarly circles, and a prominent disciple of leading imams like al-Bukhari .

Hadith Scholars, including al-Hakim an-Naysaburi (d. 405/1014), along with one of his teachers, as well as later historians such as Ibn al-'Imad al-Hanbali in Shadharat al-Dhahab (d. 1089/1679), consistently praised him for his reliability, strong memory, and adherence to orthodox creed, all of which is well-known to his Sheikhs more than his mates in study .

For example, al-Abbas bin Muhammad ad-Dauri: At-Tirmidhi narrated from him in his Jami al-Tirmidhi , Al-'Ilal al-Kabir , and Al-Shama'il al-Muhammadiyya ; meanwhile, he is one of the authorities who condemned the denials of “at-Tirmidhī al‑Jahmī” to the report of Mujahid.

Similarly, Muhammad ibn Ishaq as-Saghani: At-Tirmidhi narrated from him in Jami al-Tirmidhi ; Abu Dawud as-Sijistani: At-Tirmidhi narrated from him in his book Jami at-Tirmidhi , and was reviewing hadith studies with him ; Muhammad ibn Ismail as-Sulami at-Tirmidhi: Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi mentioned that both at-Tirmidhi and an-Nasa'i narrated from him. ; meanwhile, they also had described “at-Tirmidhī al‑Jahmī” in heterodox and obscurity.

Meanwhile, the opponents of this perspective believe that the overall dates of the prominence of at-Tirmidhi and the accounts of al-Khallal suggest that they are the same person; they emphasize this by claiming that the early Islamic tradition has unjust jurisprudential condemnations for those who have disagreements in the subsidiary matters of the religion, like what happened in the tribulation of at-Tabari or al-Bukhari (the sheikh of Abu Isa at-Tirmidhi) that led to his death from grief, like at-Tirmidhi within the study's scope. However, some researchers believe that this ideological movement is an extension of the so-called post-Islamism , and some believe that they are of al-Mudajjana sect, such as the aforementioned researcher - Muhammad Shams ad-Deen .

Death Tomb of Abu Isa al-Tirmidhi, near Amu Darya River, Termez, Uzbekistan. (2006) At-Tirmidhi became blind in the last two years of his life, according to adh-Dhahabi. His blindness is said to have been the consequence of excessive weeping, either due to fear of God or over the death of al-Bukhari.

He died on Monday night, 13 Rajab 279 AH (Sunday night, 8 October 892) in Bugh.

At-Tirmidhi is buried on the outskirts of Sherobod, 60 kilometers north of Termez in Uzbekistan. In Termez he is locally known as Abu Isa at-Termezi or "Termez Ota" ("Father of Termez").